Archived Redo Logs in Oracle

Archived redo logs play a critical role in providing point-in-time recovery in Oracle 23c, as in earlier versions of Oracle Database. Here's how:
Role of Archived Redo Logs in Point-in-Time Recovery:

1. Redo Logs and Data Changes:
   • Redo logs capture all changes made to the database, including DML and DDL operations.
   • When redo logs fill up, they are archived as archived redo logs, assuming the database is in ARCHIVELOG mode.
2. Recovery Process:
   • During point-in-time recovery, the database uses backups (datafile or RMAN backups) and archived redo logs to replay transactions up to the desired recovery point.
   • Oracle applies changes recorded in archived redo logs to restore the database to a consistent state.
3. Oracle 23c Enhancements:
   • Oracle 23c continues to rely on archived redo logs for recovery. Advanced features in this version, such as hybrid partitioning and JSON capabilities, do not change the fundamental role of archived redo logs in point-in-time recovery.
4. Steps for Point-in-Time Recovery:
   • Ensure a full or incremental backup is available.
   • Identify the target time or SCN (System Change Number) for recovery.
   • Use RMAN (or manual recovery methods) to restore the backup and apply archived redo logs up to the desired recovery point.

Key Points:

• Prerequisite: The database must be in ARCHIVELOG mode for archived redo logs to be generated.
• SCN-Based Recovery: Archived redo logs allow for recovery to a specific SCN, timestamp, or log sequence.
• Recovery Beyond Backup: Archived redo logs bridge the gap between the last backup and the recovery point.

Since all database changes end up being written to the redo log, it is possible to generate change reports by reading those files. This is called log mining ^[1]. Oracle never used to directly support this, and as a result several third-party tools have been developed for that purpose. With Oracle8i, Oracle delivered a feature named the LogMiner. This consists of several SQL statements that have been enhanced to allow you to read data from your log files and place that data in tables that you can query for reporting purposes.

• What Is Redo? Redo log files are crucial to the Oracle database. These are the transaction logs for the database. Oracle maintains two types of redo log files:
  1. online and
  2. archived.
  
  They are used for recovery purposes; their main purpose in life is to be used in the event of an instance or media failure. If the power goes off on your database machine, causing an instance failure, Oracle will use the online redo logs to restore the system to exactly the committed point it was at immediately prior to the power outage. If your disk drive It is a common misconception that undo is used to restore the database physically to the way it was before the statement or transaction executed, but this is not so. The database is logically restored to the way it was, any changes are logically undone but the data structures, the database blocks themselves, may well be different after a rollback.
  The reason for this lies in the fact that, in any multiuser system, there will be tens or hundreds or thousands of concurrent transactions. One of the primary functions of a database is to mediate concurrent access to its data. The blocks that our transaction modifies are, in general, being modified by many other transactions as well. Therefore, we cannot just put a block back exactly the way it was at the start of our transaction, that could undo the work of someone else. For example, suppose our transaction executed an INSERT statement that caused the allocation of a new extent (i.e., it caused the table to grow). Our INSERT would cause us to get a new block, format it for use, and put some data into it. At that point, some other transaction might come along and insert data into this block. If we roll back our transaction, obviously we cannot unformat and unallocate this block. Therefore, when Oracle rolls back, it is really doing the logical equivalent of the opposite of what we did in the first place. For every INSERT, Oracle will do a DELETE and for every DELETE, Oracle will do an INSERT.
  For every UPDATE, Oracle will do an anti-UPDATE, or an UPDATE that puts the row back the way it was prior to our modification.

Explain how archived redo logs provide point-in-time recovery.
You have just learned about how redo logs can be used to replay transactions lost during a system crash. They can also be used to replay transactions when a database has been restored from a backup. This enables you to restore a database from a backup, and recover it up to the very moment of failure, without losing any committed transactions. The key to doing this is to save all the redo logs generated since the most recent backup. You do this by running your database in archive log mode, which you will learn about later in this course.

• How archive log mode works:
  Recall that Oracle cycles through the redo log files in a circular fashion, reusing each file over and over again. When you run a database in archive log mode, Oracle makes a copy of each redo log file before it is reused. The following series of images demonstrates how it works:

As you can see from the SlideShow, the redo log filenames do not carry over when a log file is archived. Instead, archive log files are sequentially numbered. You do have control over the format of the filename through the use of the LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT initialization parameter. You will learn about that in a later course in this series.

The copying of files is done asynchronously with respect to the log switches and Oracle only copies one member of each group to the archive log destination. When a log switch occurs, the archiver process is notified. The archiver will eventually copy the log file. As the DBA, you hope this will start right away, but the archiver may be busy with a previous file. The important point is that database users do not have to wait while files are archived. As long as the archiver gets caught up before Oracle needs to reuse that log file,the archiving process will run smoothly. There are a number of things that affect whether or not the archiver will be caught up at any given moment: disk I/O speed, disk contention, CPU utilization, and the transaction rate. A sudden burst of activity could cause the archiver to slow down for awhile. That is OK, as long as it can keep up with the overall throughput.
This archiving process is one more reason why you must have a minimum of two redo log groups in an Oracle database. In order for the archiver process to make a copy of a filled redo log file, that file must be closed long enough for the copy to take place. The only way to close a redo log file and still keep the database running, is to switch to another redo log group, and that's exactly what Oracle8i does.

[1] log mining: The process of generating reports by reading files.